How does emphysema affect lung function?

Emphysema is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by the destruction of the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs. This destruction leads to a loss of elastic recoil, which is the ability of the lungs to return to their original shape after being stretched or filled with air. Normally, elastic recoil helps to push air out of the lungs during exhalation, but in emphysema, the damaged alveoli and surrounding lung tissue create enlarged air spaces that cannot effectively expel air.

As a result, individuals with emphysema experience airflow obstruction, primarily during exhalation. This obstruction makes it difficult for air to leave the lungs, leading to a buildup of stale air and reduced oxygen exchange. The combination of loss of elastic recoil and the presence of large air spaces significantly impairs lung function and decreases overall respiratory efficiency. Therefore, the understanding of emphysema's impact on lung function centers on how it causes these anatomical and physiological changes, leading to airflow limitation and breathlessness in affected individuals.